agricultural activities are risky activities. in these activities, various natural, social and economic risks have created fragile and vulnerable situation for producers. price risk in agricultural products has caused financial problems for many producers and farmers. to deal with these price risks and price fluctuations, there are varieties of tools. this paper focused on futures markets instr...

When using derivative instruments such as futures in order to hedge a portfolio of risky assets, the primary objective is to estimate the optimal hedge ratio (OHR). When agents have mean-variance utility and the futures price follows a martingale, the OHR is equivalent to the minimum variance hedge ratio, which can be estimated by regressing the spot market return on the futures market return u...

Instead of modeling asset price and currency risks separately, this paper derives the international hedge portfolio, hedging asset price and currency risk simultaneously for estimating the dynamic international optimal hedge ratio. The model estimation is specified in a multivariate GARCH setting with vector error correction terms and estimated for the commodity and stock markets of the U.S., t...